Nice overview. Some of the descriptions are quite thin on details, like "new model by x", or "latest model by y". Well of course it was new at the time but that doesn't really add information.

Yes but how do you do that? that magical third electrode sounds harder to make than the original problem.

Edit: I think I get it now, it's a chemical reaction. By applying a voltage with some polarity to the 3rd electrode you can run the reaction in reverse. Still very hard to achieve because you have to make sure the reactions happen at the same rate with the same efficiency, which is far from trivial. This must be a very high end sensor for all this effort to make sense.

An oxygen molecule does some chemical reaction on the sensor electrode that releases an electron, maybe it's made of iron and turns into rust. If you supply the same current to another electrode to do the opposite reaction, maybe one made of rust that turns into iron, it balances.

The sensors must be consumable with a certain lifetime.

Yes.

Zinc can do this too. But I like silver, its oxide has decent conductivity.

One of the common arrangements on a basic two-electrode sensor is to have one gold electrode to make contact with the electrolyte, and the electrolyte provides conductivity to a sacrificial silver electrode. With electrolyte exposed to the atmosphere through an oxygen-permeable membrane.

As oxygen makes its way through the membrane, it is consumed by the silver at a steady rate and equilibrium is achieved relative to how much oxygen is in the atmosphere. This generates a steady current which is amplified to move a needle on a gauge, where there are knobs to adjust the meter until it displays the correct amount of oxygen during calibration against a known concentration. And must also be calibrated to display zero when there is no oxygen.

Eventually even if the membrane never gets fouled the oxidized silver builds up in the electrolyte chamber and response deteriorates so maintenance is needed. Remove the membrane, polish the silver, put in fresh electrolyte, new membrane, and re-calibrate.

Adding a third electrode opens up a number of further possibilities.

One of them is the option to use an additional inert gold or platinum contact or a salt bridge as electrical reference against the original gold or silver as the sensor. Plus using a more complex circuit than a plain amplifier, apply controlled responsive current to the sacrificial silver at the same time. So rather than directly amplifying the current produced by different concentrations of oxygen existing in the electrolyte (and waiting for it to equilibrate), instead with 3 (or 4) electrodes the ionic silver concentration in the electrolyte can be maintained electronically in a steady state, and as oxygen permeates, the current required to replace the consumed silver is designed to make a dfferent kind of meter move the needle the same way as above. In this way the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte varies to a much more limited extent compared to waiting for it to be depleted from a high amount to zero before the meter will bottom out.

This can be equivalent to constant-ion electrochemical titration.

Disclaimer: I always like to handle things like this like lives depended on it, because lives depended on it.

> Disclaimer: I always like to handle things like this like lives depended on it, because lives depended on it.

You do the best you can. If you can only make inaccurate sensors, make inaccurate sensors. If you can make accurate sensors, make accurate sensors. If they're much more expensive, make both. If your competitor has more accurate sensors, learn how they work.

I'd rather if the article would stick to the facts

I've been to the Mediterranean several times. They eat a ton of (delicious) super oily food, sausages, meats, eggs, fish (often fried or deep fried), salty cheeses, greasy stuff, tons of white bread, lots of wine. Fat chance to find someone eating avocados, kale, or quinoa, and proteins are not at all minimized.

The Mediterranean diet is like a Californian wellness type of person's idea of what the actual Mediterranean diet is.

Countries in the mediterranean have been developing the same bad habits as elsewhere. People in the Mediterranean need to go back to eating a Mediterranean diet.

I have never in my several decades of life seen and ad for anything and thought "I need to get that".

I sincerely do not believe this. I suspect that you have a very specific definition of ad that is far narrower than I do, but I do not believe you never once saw a movie trailer and decided to go see the film, or saw a billboard or sign for a restaurant while out on vacation and decided to check it out. Or that you never went to the grocery store to pick up the steak that was on sale this week. Or that every single tech purchase you have ever made in your life was exclusively and solely on the word of mouth recommendation of your close friends, all of whom had previously purchased identical products with their own money.

Look I'm not saying you can't live a low ad lifestyle. I don't have cable or network TV and run ad-blockers on every device I own. And yet I can look around my home and see numerous products purchased at least in part due to an ad. The Retroid Pocket sitting on my table, the M series laptop sitting in front of me. The Sony TV across the room, the game consoles under it. Heck the dog at my feet was the one I adopted because I went to an adoption event being sponsored at a local business. Even when I'm seeking a specific product out and then seeking out information, I'm looking for reviews and a lot of those reviews are given sample/free product for the purposes of making their review. That's an ad. I might be able to place more trust in that review if the reviewer doesn't give the product manufacturer editorial control they way they'd have in a sponsorship, but you can be damn sure if sending free product to independent reviewers wasn't paying off in terms of higher sales, the manufacturer wouldn't be doing it.

Not even movie advertisements like trailers? Or job ads? Housing ads?

I've definitely investigated and eventually purchased things I first learned about through an advertisement.

Mind, usually that was from print ads in things like magazines/newspapers, the occasional direct mail ad like the old Fry's electronics mailer or movie trailers. Online ads are overwhelmingly ugly attention grabbers for things I have zero interest in or no time for when displayed.

It would be interesting to be able to define if an advertisement is still an advertisement in the sense the OP was referring if it is something sought out.

I myself usually choose to watch trailers for movies, look at job ads and housing ads when I actually want to watch a movie, change job or move house. What pisses me off is the 99% of ads in my life that are just blasted in front of me online and in public.

It's probably silly and the answer is just that they are, but they at least meet two different types of advert to me, personally.

I would partially agree with OP in that I can't believe any adverts I've ever seen have influence a purchase from me. I actually quite often blacklist brands and products for aggressively marketing to me.

I remember having that experience as a kid - seeing an ad for Action Man™ during my Saturday morning cartoon block, and feeling that I need that toy right now. My dad then explained to me that these advertisements are carefully crafted to elicit this response from kids, and that I should always think critically about the messaging in ads.

Keep up at it. Without pressuring, or without making it the elephant in the room uncomfortable topic that makes them avoid you. One day you will catch them in a good day.

I find that just about everybody is leaking my data. Either on purpose or accidentally. But at the end of the day I do want to order those online exotic vegetables and have very little choice of sites to do it in my country. At this point I don't care anymore. Maybe I should but in a sense it's too late. It's been decades of leaked information, I'm certain the advertising companies know me better than my friends. And still royally fail at selling me stuff. They likely use this info for more nefarious things.

I hate that 90% of the effort on the internet is about stealing information from users and serving invasive ads.

TSMC is in a seismically active region

I don't quite disagree but this comparison is typically unfair, because when you really know about a subject you tend to ask way more difficult questions than about other subjects, so of course the LLMs are gonna struggle more. If you ask really basic questions they will regurgitate well known bachelor-level knowledge and look good. What do I know about biology anyway? about silos for grain storage? any passable answer is enough to wow me on those topics. But on the topics I really know about, I never ask the basics.

What does it do better? I'm happy with Jupyter for most of my cases but never hurts to look around.

Check out their YouTube channel where they show plenty of interesting features. But just to list some I can think of: - optional reactivity (i.e. you create chain of cells where editing 5th cells in the past causes update down the stream, pretty neat when working with dataframes). Its reactivity is a very cool feature once used to but you might not want it for something like running heavy ML training task so it can be toggled off - you can switch notebook to multi-column notebook mode - notebook is a web app that has sidebar with a lot of menus, there cool sections like Docs, Packages (you can download new packages right away there with uv), plenty of LLM integration with their custom prompts where you can reference dataframes so that it would be able to understand schema, some SQL and other DB integrations as well, cells can even contain SQL instead python code and output query result into python variable - thanks to reactivity it got a lot of interactive elements like sliders buttons text fields or ability to create entire own widgets, there's even mode where all code blocks get hidden and you're left with complete app - you can make web export of notebook that will translate python to WASM and publish it as fully working static page (though publishing something heavy complex like torch probably won't go well), this fits well with previous point as you can basically build simple interface hide all the code and publish it (like imagine matplotlib with couple of sliders) - DataFrames (pandas/polars) displayed as interactive tables where you can filter by columns, scroll through pages of rows etc - notebook stored in a .py format, unlike .ipynb with its json like structure. So code is very Git-friendly but you don't store computation results anymore