Taking the Roman Empire as an example: Rome was by far the largest city in the empire at a total of ~1 million people. The others were estimated to have 500 thousand or fewer, with only 25-30% of the population living in a city at all.
Modern cities are enormous by comparison and our urbanization rate is completely flipped. 80% of people in the US live in a city, and we have 50 metro areas with a higher population than Rome had during the empire. Our largest metro area is New York/Newark/Jersey City at 20 million people, 20x that of imperial Rome.
And remember that Rome itself was an anomaly in its day, and the Roman Empire in general was an anomaly in European history.
At an extraordinary cost to human health. Sewage problems spread disease. Malnourishment due to only eating bread. The average height of a Paleolithic man far exceeded the height of a Neolithic man.
This is Berkson's paradox - Neolithic men may have been less healthy, but that could be because the hunter-gatherers died or stopped having children when they ran out of food rather than living off bread.
Highly recommend The Border Trilogy as well as No Country for Old Men. The Coen Brothers did a fantastic job adapting the latter, but it just can't compare to the book.
No idea what this one is called, but I've used similar tools. It's like a robot arm in reverse--using inverse kinematics we can put the tip of a universal 5-axis manipulator anywhere in x-y-z space by driving the angle of the axes using motors. These scanner pens work in reverse, reading the angle of the axes to get the tip point in x-y-z space and outputting that x-y-z as a point cloud stream to your CAD program of choice.
I was listening to a podcast with Jason Sudeikis and he said that they specifically brought it up several times because they knew that later in the same episode they would be doing a riff on the Allen Iverson "we talking about practice" speech.
The implication being that Boeing wanted to ship this plane on time, even if that meant cutting corners on safety, except that it isn't an implication because it is literally what happened.
Years ago, when I worked as a hall tech. I'd mark certain parts that had intermittent errors, whenever I RMA'd them, so that when I got them back later, I would immediately know. Because it was SOP to replace parts until the PC worked (not every tech was particularly good at troubleshooting), parts would end up coming back pretty regularly, since there was often nothing wrong with them. But it was super frustrating to get back the motherboard you knew had a faulty dimm slot, only to see that dimm slot fail for another machine replacement.
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