I would say that for long distance trains only English and the local language should be enough.
For international trains, we should have all languages of all traversed countries and English. So for example a train from Paris to Frankfurt should have announcements in French, German and English (and it is actually the case for that train, I already rode it).
But for example, the Berlin - Warsaw train has only English announcements besides the local language depending on the country the train is in (so no Polish when it is in Germany, and no German when it is in Poland), I consider this to be wrong. It should have announcements in Polish, German and English for the whole route.
Agree with your last point. That's a weird choice. At least the stops either side of the border are guaranteed to have people who natively speak the other language.
I seem to recall lines in Belgium that do announcements is 4 languages: french, Flemish, German, and English.
It is mostly an issue in countries with 120V mains (I know that in the US 240V outlets exist though).
In France for example it is required that standard plugs must be able to deliver at least 16A on each outlet, at the 230V used here, we get 3600W of power, that’s more than enough.
The ability to read a lower rez version of the images is a feature that is actively used. That way you don’t need to have both a 2K and 4K DCP for movies that have a 4K version, 2K projectors can simply decode the 4K DCP at 2K resolution.
French reactors can adjust their power outputs in 30 minutes between 100% and 20% their nominal power rating. I think we are actually the only country doing this.
(EDF: "In France, a nuclear power plant is able to ramp up or down between 100% and 20% of nominal power in half an hour, and again after at least two hours, twice a day.", source https://hal-edf.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01977209/document bottom of page 4)
In Europe all the major lines are already electrified, and because all the lines were built a long time ago (generally in the 19th century), the construction carbon emissions are divided between 150 years of transported passengers.
This is not particularly accurate, train lines have had to be rebuilt multiple times to support increasing speed of trains. The current TGV lines in use in France are not capable of running on old track, they need to be on modern infrastructure which continues to be built out.
In any case, I think its fair to say over time trains win out over airplanes on emissions, but it isn't that cut and dry especially early on.
The StopHS2 Anti high speed rail group says that the 530km HS2 line (and tons of stations) will generate 1.5 million tons of co2, for 18,000 seats an hour 12 hours a day in each direction.
400k seats a day, or 150 million a year, for an average 10kg co2 per seat in construction costs over the first year.
456km London to Paris is is about 100kg co2 each way per seat.
So construction emissions isn’t even a dent in the first year.
Night trains won’t be high-speed TGV services, they will use the regular main lines.
Track maintenance needs much less energy than building brand new lines.
And yes, the carbon emissions per passenger are higher for high-speed trains compared to the regular ones, mostly because of their construction.
Of course all of this works when the electricity produced by renewables or nuclear. If these trains are powered by electricity produced from coal, their carbon emissions are equivalent to using diesel trains.
Don't discount the energy cost of air infrastructure in this comparison though. Airports have a huge amount of tarmac that must be built and maintained, there's the jet fuel production/transportation infrastructure, and of course building the planes themselves. Rail may have the larger overhead, but air has some too.
Those are very specialized vehicles, that's most likely the reason they haven't been electrified yet, that will probably only happen as they age too much and can't be maintained anymore, mandating a complete, more modern replacement.
I also doubt they make up a substantial part of the rail traffic, if we go about it that way we there's a whole bunch of vehicles with horrible CO2 emissions that only have gotten barely viable electric alternatives in the last handful of years, like excavators, bulldozers and all kinds of other construction/hauling/maintenance vehicles.
There are electric (battery) versions of these vehicles for use in tunnels, where diesel fumes would be a problem. Much construction equipment is often converted roadbuilding equipment, and that's still diesel powered.
However, railway vehicles tend to last for decades, so it might take a long time for everything to be electric. The people buying them can both afford and have the expertise to purchase reliable, repairable equipment. It's then run on a perfectly smooth "road" without much rough handling.
For international trains, we should have all languages of all traversed countries and English. So for example a train from Paris to Frankfurt should have announcements in French, German and English (and it is actually the case for that train, I already rode it).
But for example, the Berlin - Warsaw train has only English announcements besides the local language depending on the country the train is in (so no Polish when it is in Germany, and no German when it is in Poland), I consider this to be wrong. It should have announcements in Polish, German and English for the whole route.