It depends. One prominent figure of the right-wing populist party AfD in Germany has been called a Nazi. When he sued the originator the court decided that, considering the circumstances, was not an insult in the sense of the law.
That was argued to be a satirical skit rather than sincere statement I think. Which is quite an outlier but would be still probably quite interesting to compare with other cases.
But in general if you were walking down the street or talking about something on the internet and somebody else called out or posted and said you are a nazi. Hate speech?
As mentioned before - it depends on the circumstances. If you call someone wearing a full Nazi outfit a Nazi, it probably will not be seen as hate speech/insult. If you call someone showing nothing in that regard a Nazi out of the blue, it could. But that would be handled as personal insult, then. For hate speech it needs to affect more than one person, I believe.
I don't know what Joe Rogan says or who his ilk are, but this is a pretty extreme characterization of the situation that I don't think is accurate.
For example, UK police track what they consider to be undesirable "non-crime" speech, build databases of people, and intimidate them for these non crimes (knock on their doors, invite them to come to police station, advise them not to say such things, etc). This is quite a new thing, within the past ~10 years.
There have also been other high profile cases of people being arrested for posting things that were not like that burn the hotel down case. They arrested 12,000 people in 2023 and convicted 1,100 of those. For cases where the evidence is as cut and dried as posts made online, they could only secure convictions in 8% of cases, which seems staggering to me when UK's conviction rate generally is like 80%.
Even the conviction rate, even if you say yes there are laws to prohibit certain speech, how far is too far? Are these kinds of laws and convictions needed? Why don't all other countries need them? Why didn't UK need them 20 years ago when there was still internet and social media? Is it not concerning to you that we're told this kind of action is required to hold society together? I'm not saying that calls to violence don't happen or should be tolerated, but if it is not a lie that arresting thousands of people for twitter posts and things is necessary to keep society from breaking down then it seems like putting a bandaid on top of a volcano. It's certainly not developing a resilient, anti-fragile society, quite the opposite IMO.
Is nobody allowed to be concerned about any of this without being some horrible underground extremist, in your opinion?
> They arrested 12,000 people in 2023 and convicted 1,100 of those. For cases where the evidence is as cut and dried as posts made online, they could only secure convictions in 8% of cases, which seems staggering to me when UK's conviction rate generally is like 80%.
Isn't the conviction rate the number of people convicted divided by the number charged, not the number arrested?
> There have also been other high profile cases of people being arrested for posting things that were not like that burn the hotel down case
Such as?
> Is nobody allowed to be concerned about any of this without being some horrible underground extremist, in your opinion?
Horrible underground extremist? Not so much. More likely just someone who consumes a very particular slice of media that puts a dishonest (at best) spin on situations like this.
Arrested for saying "F--- Palestine. F--- Hamas. F--- Islam. Want to protest? F--- off to Muslim country and protest."
> Horrible underground extremist? Not so much. More likely just someone who consumes a very particular slice of media that puts a dishonest (at best) spin on situations like this.
Hmm. Was your previous post a dishonest (at best) spin on it too? That would be consistent with your claim if you are a consumer of a very particular slice of media and did not know you can find articles from a whole range of publications about this stuff easily on the internet.
You really don't need to be some obscure basement dweller to have any kind of vague inkling that something might be a little on the nose in the proverbial state of Denmark.
The key thing to understand is that Europeans want clear rules around hate speech, online harassment and such. Thus lawmakers are acting to find laws which encapsulate these. In Germany, we have some simple ones surrounding using Nazi symbols and speech. These rules generally work well in our civil law context. Civil law usually is rather broad strokes and there might be cases where something injust happens which requires tuning laws.
If you come from a common law context the whole idea might seem strange.
> The key thing to understand is that Europeans want clear rules around hate speech
Regardless of my personal thoughts on this (complicated), simply putting "many" in front of "Europeans" does a lot to diminish further alienation of those who don't, helping you achieve your goals. It takes 0.5 seconds.
> The key thing to understand is that Europeans want clear rules around hate speech, online harassment and such.
Do they? Or is it being pushed upon them? And why is it "the key thing" here?
> Thus lawmakers are acting to find laws which encapsulate these.
I suspect it has been the reverse, the ruling class desperately wants those powers and if the common people are now in favor of them it is more than likely because of intensive campaigns from their governments and corporations to change their minds.
> In Germany, we have some simple ones surrounding using Nazi symbols and speech. These rules generally work well in our civil law context. Civil law usually is rather broad strokes and there might be cases where something injust happens which requires tuning laws.
Some laws existing does not mean some other laws won't be unjust. Or that legislated laws will always be right and not require "some tuning".
> If you come from a common law context the whole idea might seem strange.
The different systems of law don't seem all that strange to me at least, but the thread you are replying to is discussing censorship in the European nation of the UK.
Further, what we are discussing involves executive police powers (intimidation, arrests, compiling lists), as well as legislated laws, so it is not really just some quirk of common law at all.
I think if you come from a German context the concept of free speech is probably strange to you in general - because no one in living memory has ever had it. Not in Weimar, not in the Nazi period, not in East Germany and not in the Federal Republic.
Unless you understand concepts like "Natural Rights" the idea of a government not being able to curtail what you say will remain completely foreign to you.
That isn't really what we perceive (at least if educated). We see that Free Speech is not an absolute right, but is secondary to the most important right which for Germans is Human Dignity. It might be foreign to you because your constitution and history doesn't put the same value on it than our history taught us.
I'm not American but I similarly don't care for the meek subservience to the government which characterizes European attitude on this.
Human dignity is not foreign to me at all, I just don't believe a life where the state protects your feelings from words, and that dictates what you may and may not talk about is not a dignified one.
It is often easy to assume this position if you are majority, white, employed, etc.
Your argument is similar to saying that we shouldn't have rules when driving cars. "Why life cannot be dignified if I have to observe stop signs."
In every are of life there are balances to be struck. I am sure your country has rules for slandering individuals (because most have). What's the difference to also having rules against slandering entire people?
> It is often easy to assume this position if you are majority, white, employed, etc.
What is your evidence to that claim?
I think it is actually not easy to assume that position, as evidenced by vast numbers of Europeans who do not assume that position. I think that it is in fact far easier (as a majority, white, employed, etc.), to go through life believing your government will solve everything and protect your feelings from being hurt by hearing what other people think. I just think it is an undignified existence.
> Your argument is similar to saying that we shouldn't have rules when driving cars. "Why life cannot be dignified if I have to observe stop signs."
I can see how bewildering this is for you, but my "argument" is also quite different in important ways.
> In every are of life there are balances to be struck. I am sure your country has rules for slandering individuals (because most have).
Adjudicating disputes between private parties is clearly one of the real roles of government.
> What's the difference to also having rules against slandering entire people?
I'm not sure if you are being rhetorical and actually want me to list the differences because you are unaware of them? Civil actions brought by private parties are different from government censorship and criminalization of speech. And I can be sued in civil court for what I say, I never said or even hinted that this should be disallowed that seems to be a strawman you have made up.
I don't think it should be easy to be found liable for damage if you tell the truth or give your opinion though.
What about you? Do you think calling AfD voters in general racists or extremists or selfish or xenophobic should be censored and criminalized by your government?
How could German history have taught you anything about human dignity?
You went from a military dictatorship to an unstable republic to a fascist state, then you split into military occupation zones, and then one of your military occupation zones annexed the other, the militaries left but you kept the laws, and now you arrest people for saying "from the river to the sea".
Using your German-ness to talk to anyone else about freedom or human dignity is patently ridiculous. If you have an ideological point to make, make it, but the whole "as a German" angle just does not hold water. "As a German" your history shows you don't understand this.
Your concept of Freedom of Speech is much closer to the Mainland Chinese model than an Anglo one.
A little less hyperbole would maybe help your arguments, but trying to argue that one of the most liberal democracies in the world is comparable to one of the most repressive regimes is hurting your argument (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/liberal-democracy-index).
Nobody is perfect, but Germans have learned a lot in the last century and a half. One of the things is that Freedom of Speech doesn't deserve the pedestal that primarily US Americans put it on. It has boundaries and one of those is calling for the displacement of an entire nation.
You make it sound like that Germany is just a puppet without its own mind, but in reality it is just some 80m people all with their own mind, history and education. The reality is that Germans are more aware of their history and the impact seemingly small decisions can have on the life of millions. That's why I talk about the German-ness, because many other countries can't or don't want to understand the weight of responsibility which arises from being the perpetrator of two world wars and the holocaust.
This is a textbook case of German Schuldstolz - you feel having been militaristic and having mass human right abuses entitles you to lecture others.
All you learned in the last centuries and a half is that you dont have the logistics to fight massive wars. You did not abandon anything due to your own enlightenment, you abandoned it because of massive foreign military interventions, where every single one of your newspaper, radio and television stations were replaced by your military occupiers.
The worst part about your Schuldstolz is that... the regime who did the most to end yours was even less moral and killed even more people than your own. Meaning you aren't even the best at being awful.
So no, I do not care what you have to see about freedom "as a German". You were militarily, ideologically and mentally conquered. Lecturing Anglos is this is just reflecing back our own beliefs but distorted with a German mindset that has no history or tradition of freedom of speech.
Even easier, electromagnetic radiation can be used to detect the presence and exact location and movements of not just automobiles, but also people! Many people have detectors for these things that can literally see through transparent material that makes up large sections of the walls of many houses and apartments.
That's not true for all code bases. Two common examples:
It's very common for inline functions in headers to be written for inlining and constant propagation from arguments result in dead code and better generated code. There is even __builtin_constant_p() to help with such things (e.g., you can use it to have a fast folded inline variant if an argument is constant, or call big out of line library code if variable).
There are also configuration systems that end up with config options in headers that code tests with if (CONFIG_BLAH) {...} that can evaluate to zero in valid builds.
The biggest jumps in the past 50 years appear to coincide with W Bush and Obama administrations. They certainly did have tariffs then, but were they responsible there? How about corruption? AI was not, but there was an analogous dot com bubble but by 2000 and beyond we were on the other side of it and tech demand was actually bursting! Not long after which unemployment went up, so it wasn't the overinflated bubble that caused unemployment. Cheap globally accessible labor has not just recently become available. Anti-trust was pretty weak for a long time. Healthcare system is terribly expensive and corrupt and arguably Obamacare made it worse.
>Cheap globally accessible labor has not just recently become available. Anti-trust was pretty weak for a long time. Healthcare system is terribly expensive and corrupt and arguably Obamacare made it worse.
It's good that you pointed out some of the examples that may not be wholly responsible, but have surely compounded over quite some time and may very well be worse on the ground than the most realistic statistics could ever measure very meaningfully.
I wouldn't say the bullet points are hit or miss, more like some home-runs and some bunts.
Good chart from the FED, but experience has shown that 2010 to 2012 was a noth.ing.burger compared to 1976 nor 1983. You ain't seen no "real" recession yet.
And that's the most highly referenced statistic we have so it shows how widely skewed and unrealistic it can be to take things like this at face value when it comes to comparing data over time.
Remember currency had huge changes in real value at different points while its face value stayed the same, and the purpose of these charts was to not let that seem like the dominating factor.
Same as the purpose of inventing GDP in such a way there could never be valid comparison to traditional GNP.
Edit: not my downvote, corrective upvote actually, that's the most accurate data there is so it's still better to have than nothing, and to gather what it means when you understand its undercurrents for over 50 full years first hand
Ah don't worry about the downvotes, my post was confrontational and a lot of people are not capable of coping with that. I was not trying to single you out though. I don't doubt you have experience and reasons for what you've said, problem is so does everybody, even "actual" economists never seem to agree on anything much.
I get the idea you like to question everything, which I really think people should do more of in so many ways :)
I'm certainly nothing like an actual degreed economist. That was my college roommate for a while. He was a grad student in macroeconomics getting his dissertation ready, and wanted me to look at the final draft and help him type the equations on my IBM Selectric typewriter. These things were expensive and I was lucky to have it for a song after the business crash.
People already knew I was the only kid typing my chemistry homework onto the handout sheets, and it did look pretty sharp if I do say so myself :)
Well, I didn't like all his equations and we went over all the text in pretty good detail too, but got done making the equations on the strips exactly as he had drawn. Some drafting pens were also used for characters the IBM did not have. He would have to physically cut then paste each typed equation into the proper space between paragraphs that he had on his manually typewritten text.
By then I was about as old as you could be before you're no longer a teenager, so I was a bit rusty and not up-to-date with the stock market or anything else financially, even though I had started financial analysis as a preteen and made some people some good money (as an actual teenager by then), it had been years since the crash.
So we talked it over philosophically about the equations for a number of weeks and things became a lot clearer to both of us. He ended up throwing out the whole dissertation !
Anyway, he transferred to a different grad school, under a different PhD he earned his own PhD and ended up becoming a professor.
At a place out west I had never heard of called Stanford.
Obama and Bush came after Clinton pushed through the WTO stuff with China. Free trade most definitely had a positive factor in the economy in the next 16 years, even if tariffs still existed. A lot of the blowback from the Trumpers is that not everyone benefitted equally, not that the economy didnt benefit from it overall (ironically speaking they elected a billionaire due to equality issues).
Right, so my question is why did those enormous unemployment surges happen without the same kind of tariffs that Trump has? They certainly aren't a necessary trigger, could they even cause a major contribution?
I think the true answer is that nobody really knows what pieces are in play let alone how they all interact -- very few economists predicted the housing crash. So when you see lists of things like this, who knows? It looks like throwing spaghetti at a wall to see what sticks.
I thought it was pretty obvious there was going to be a housing crash myself, there were actually quite a few very high rollers who agreed once we had discussed it a bit. Made plans with my elderly father to sell their resort home ASAP, it was the peak. A year later it was only worth half.
> So parent was 'wrong' that "chiplets" were ever called MCM's. But right that "chips designed with multiple chiplet-looking-things" did used to be called "MCM's".
No, chiplets were called MCMs. IBM and others as you noted had chip(lets) in MCMs that were not "fully-functioning" by themselves.
> Also MCM's lacked the kind of high-bandwidth, low-latency fabric for CPU's to communicate more directly with each other. For the Pentiums, that was organic substrates (the usual green PCB material) and routing copper traces between the dies. For the IBM's, that was an advanced ceramic-glass substrate, which had much higher bandwidth than PCB traces but still required a lot of space to route all the copper traces (latency taking a hit) and generated a lot of heat. Today we use silicon for those interconnects, which gives exemplary bandwidth+latency+heat performance.
This all just smells like revisionist history to make the name be consistent with previous naming.
IBM's MCMs had incredibly high bandwidth low latency interconnects. Core<->L3 is much more important and latency critical than core+cache cluster <-> memory or other core+cache cluster, for example. And IBM and others had silicon interposers, TSVs, and other very advanced packaging and interconnection technology decades ago too, e.g.,
The real story is much simpler. MCM did not have a great name particularly in consumer space as CPUs and memory controllers and things consolidated to one die which was (at the time) the superior solution. Then reticle limit, yield equations, etc., conspired to turn the tables and it has more recently come to be that multi chip is superior (for some things), so some bright spark probably from a marketing department decided to call them chiplets instead of MCMs. That's about it.
Aside, funnily enough IBM actually used to (and may still), and quite possibly others, actually call various cookie cutter blocks in a chip (e.g., a cluster of cores and caches, or a memory controller block, or a PCIe block), chiplets. From https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redpapers/pdfs/redp5102.pdf, "The most amount of energy can be saved when a whole POWER8 chiplet enters the winkle mode. In this mode, the entire chiplet is turned off, including the L3".
> No, chiplets were called MCMs. IBM and others as you noted had chip(lets) in MCMs that were not "fully-functioning" by themselves.
I don't follow; you seem to be using "chiplet" to directly mean a multi-chip module, whereas I consider "chiplet" to be a component of a multi-chip module. An assembly of multiple chiplets would not itself be "a chiplet", but a multi-chip module. This is also why I don't follow why the term "chiplet" would replace the term "multi-chip module", because to me, a multi-chip module is not even a chiplet, it's only built with chiplets.
Are chiplets ever more than a single die? Conversely, are there multi-chip modules of only a single die? At least one of these must be true for "chiplet" and "multi-chip module" even to overlap.
Sorry I flubbed that -- I meant what are now called chiplets interconnected and packaged together used to be called MCMs. A chip was always a single piece of silicon (aka die), so chiplets used to just be called chips. There was never any rule that chips in an MCM were "standalone" or functional by themselves like some seem to be saying, in fact earlier computers used multiple chips for subsystems of a single CPU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POWER2 this thing had individual chips for IFU, LSU, ALU, FPU, and D$). There was never any rule that MCMs were not low latency or high bandwidth or must have a particular type of interconnect or packaging substrate.
Advances in technology and changing economics always shifts things around so maybe chiplets are viable for different things or will make sense for smaller production runs etc., but that doesn't make them fundamentally different that would make them not classified as an MCM like the article seems to suggest. It literally is just the same thing as it always was, multiple chips packaged up together with something that is not a standard PCB but is generally more specialized and higher performing.
I don't think that common law doctrine applies here though. The facts of any particular case always apply to that specific case no matter what the system. It is the application of the law to those facts which is where they differ, and in common law systems lower courts almost never break new ground in terms of the law. Judges almost always have precedent, and following that is the "legally correct" outcome.
Choice-of-law is also generally a statutory issue, so common law is not generally a factor - if every case ever decided was contrary to the statute, the statute would still be correct.
Externalities such as destroying your manufacturing base and eroding living standards and middle-class wealth by having 4x higher electricity costs than a country like China which emits 2x more CO2 per capita?
Rest assured that the UK would have damaged manufacturing and living standards regardless of renewables. It is just too complicated and expensive to build things. That not only damages the things you mentioned but renewables, gas and nuclear deployment.
But yeah bet against the Chinese solar and battery industries. And bet in favour of cheap plentiful gas in northern Europe.
> Rest assured that the UK would have damaged manufacturing and living standards regardless of renewables. It is just too complicated and expensive to build things. That not only damages the things you mentioned but renewables, gas and nuclear deployment.
High energy prices unquestionably make most primary and manufacturing production less competitive, and they reduce living standards. What are you even trying to say?
> But yeah bet against the Chinese solar and battery industries. And bet in favour of cheap plentiful gas in northern Europe.
> I was trying to say that high energy costs are just one issue.
The one issue we were discussing.
> And even then renewables are not the root cause of high energy costs.
There is rarely one single root cause of anything. Renewables have certainly caused higher costs and worse service in some cases. I don't know the specifics of the UK, but you could argue the point with the above poster who said gas was cheaper.
I do know the specifics of the UK and that is what was being discussed here. But yeah dismissing anything that doesn't align with an easily argued point seems foolish to me.
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