Basically what these are saying is that if the universe (and space around galaxies) is expanding, then stars would be dragged along with that expansion and move outward from the center of mass if they orbited at their expected Newtonian speed (they would gain potential energy as their "altitude" increases).
I'm wondering if this energy didn't go into the star (because it would violate conservation of energy to see a star moving faster and faster over time) then maybe the energy goes into space itself, showing up as "dark" energy, which has gravity by mass-energy equivalence. So basically the farther away we are from something, the heavier space appears in that region from our frame of reference. Or maybe the extra speed of distant stars has more to do with how long they've been pulled by the expansion of the universe than how much mass is near them. That could maybe explain the pictures of colliding galaxies that have uneven distributions of matter and dark matter that we don't see in individual galaxies. And why we're unlikely to detect dark matter as a particle locally (because the expansion of space is more easily observed over large distances).
I guess one way to prove this theory would be to look for unevenness in the Hubble constant (red shift), which would mean an unevenness in how fast (or how much) space is stretching in different regions. The last link seems to agree with something along those lines.
Anyway, I'm not a physicist, just throwing ideas out there! Feeling kind of embarrassed to post this layman's analysis but what the heck.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOND
https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.6359
https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06110
http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-4500356_51478.htm
https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Sept01/Milgrom2/Milgrom3...
https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/438/2/1805/1016908
Basically what these are saying is that if the universe (and space around galaxies) is expanding, then stars would be dragged along with that expansion and move outward from the center of mass if they orbited at their expected Newtonian speed (they would gain potential energy as their "altitude" increases).
I'm wondering if this energy didn't go into the star (because it would violate conservation of energy to see a star moving faster and faster over time) then maybe the energy goes into space itself, showing up as "dark" energy, which has gravity by mass-energy equivalence. So basically the farther away we are from something, the heavier space appears in that region from our frame of reference. Or maybe the extra speed of distant stars has more to do with how long they've been pulled by the expansion of the universe than how much mass is near them. That could maybe explain the pictures of colliding galaxies that have uneven distributions of matter and dark matter that we don't see in individual galaxies. And why we're unlikely to detect dark matter as a particle locally (because the expansion of space is more easily observed over large distances).
I guess one way to prove this theory would be to look for unevenness in the Hubble constant (red shift), which would mean an unevenness in how fast (or how much) space is stretching in different regions. The last link seems to agree with something along those lines.
Anyway, I'm not a physicist, just throwing ideas out there! Feeling kind of embarrassed to post this layman's analysis but what the heck.