Are you familiar with the notion of Turing completeness? The basic idea is that lots of different systems can all be capable of computing the same function. A computer with memory and a CPU is capable of computing the same things as a state machine that moves back and forth while writing symbols on a tape, etc. It applies to this question in the following way: Physics can be simulated by anything that is Turing-complete. Or, put another way, we can write computer programs that simulate physical systems. So if you accept that the human brain obeys the laws of physics, then it must be possible to write a computer program that simulates a human brain.
So to maintain that having a human mind inside a computer is impossible, one must believe one of the following two things:
1. The human brain sometimes violates the laws of physics.
2. Even if the person in the computer behaves the exact same as their flesh counter part would (makes the same jokes, likes the same art, has the same conversations, writes the same essays about the mystery of consciousness, etc), they are somehow lesser, somehow not really "a full conscious human" because they are made of metal and silicon instead of water and carbon.
So to maintain that having a human mind inside a computer is impossible, one must believe one of the following two things:
1. The human brain sometimes violates the laws of physics.
2. Even if the person in the computer behaves the exact same as their flesh counter part would (makes the same jokes, likes the same art, has the same conversations, writes the same essays about the mystery of consciousness, etc), they are somehow lesser, somehow not really "a full conscious human" because they are made of metal and silicon instead of water and carbon.