Yes, memory safety certainly would be an argument for rewriting a library in Go. But we are talking here about an extremely well tested and robust C program which is actively maintained. In most cases, it is more likely to have correct programs by calling the C version than attempting a port, which can introduced bugs of its own.
Yes, in this particular case, SQLite has a stellar reputation for stability, test coverage etc. But for other C codebases, even if they have been around for a long time and are stable and well maintained, exploits have still been found...
