Do I need to use the Cake frontend to use the ownership library or is it actually macros (or an extension?) I could use in code compiled with gcc or clang?
The answer you can have the same source code and compile with gcc, but only cake is implementing the checks at this moment.
The have the same source code compiling in any compiler a header ownership.h is used to define owner etc as empty macro.
This strategy is used on cake source itself, that is checked with cake, but compiled with gcc msvc and clang.