My number one book on a list like this would be Accelerated C++ by Andrew Koenig and Barbara Moo. The book is targeted at beginners, but is challenging and very intelligent. Koenig is concerned with teaching good practices and overall design. It was one of the first programming books I ever read and I struggled through it at first. By doing every exercise and persisting, I think it played a significant role in the kind of programmer I am today. To me the book is in a similar space as SICP. Sadly it's now out of date, but at least was written using the STL.
If you're into C++, definitely check out the books by Scott Meyers (Effective C++, More Effective C++, Effective STL). They're not "how to get started" books, they are "how to fix the stuff you are doing wrong" books. He is very insightful and writes very clearly. He also has a sense of humor, so look for little jokes in the index.
